Estimating Watershed Level Nonagricultural Pesticide Use From Golf Courses Using Geospatial Methods1

Abstract: Limited information exists on pesticide use for nonagricultural purposes, making it difficult to estimate pesticide loadings from nonagricultural sources to surface water and to conduct environmental risk assessments. A method was developed to estimate the amount of pesticide use on recreational turf grasses, specifically golf course turf grasses, for watersheds located throughout the conterminous United States (U.S.). The approach estimates pesticide use: (1) based on the area of recreational turf grasses (used as a surrogate for turf associated with golf courses) within the watershed, which was derived from maps of land cover, and (2) from data on the location and average treatable area of golf courses. The area of golf course turf grasses determined from these two methods was used to calculate the percentage of each watershed planted in golf course turf grass (percent crop area, or PCA). Turf‐grass PCAs derived from the two methods were used with recommended application rates provided on pesticide labels to estimate total pesticide use on recreational turf within 1,606 watersheds associated with surface‐water sources of drinking water. These pesticide use estimates made from label rates and PCAs were compared to use estimates from industry sales data on the amount of each pesticide sold for use within the watershed. The PCAs derived from the land‐cover data had an average value of 0.4% of a watershed with minimum of 0.01% and a maximum of 9.8%, whereas the PCA values that are based on the number of golf courses in a watershed had an average of 0.3% of a watershed with a minimum of <0.01% and a maximum of 14.2%. Both the land‐cover method and the number of golf courses method produced similar PCA distributions, suggesting that either technique may be used to provide a PCA estimate for recreational turf. The average and maximum PCAs generally correlated to watershed size, with the highest PCAs estimated for small watersheds. Using watershed specific PCAs, combined with label rates, resulted in greater than two orders of magnitude over‐estimation of the pesticide use compared to estimates from sales data.     

采空区瓦斯涌出源位置对瓦斯分布影响的数值模拟

根据多孔介质渗流理论,利用Fluent软件,分别对采空区瓦斯在整个采空区均匀涌出、上邻近层及底板遗煤涌出2种情况下采空区瓦斯分布规律进行了数值模拟.结果表明:采空区瓦斯为上邻近层及底板遗煤处涌出时,沿走向方向,靠近上邻近层及底板处高体积分数瓦斯距离工作面较近;沿竖直方向,瓦斯体积分数分布呈钩状,靠近瓦斯涌出源处瓦斯体积分数最高;整个采空区均匀涌出时采空区瓦斯体积分数分布与上邻近层及底板遗煤涌出时有很大差别.因此,为了得到更符合实际情况的瓦斯分布规律,数值模拟时应按照现场实际的瓦斯涌出源位置建立模型.     

高尔夫球场建设对生态系统影响分析及环境管理对策

通过对高尔夫球场建设过程、特点及主要生态环境影响因子分析，指出高尔夫球场建设需占用大量土地，尤其是农业生态区域，对地表形态、农业生产、水土流失、水环境等均有不同程度的不利影响，对落后地区社会经济具有带动作用。在以安徽元一高尔夫球场为例进行分析基础上，提出了高尔夫球场建设与运营管理的生态环境管理对策。     

模拟状态下高尔夫球场果岭区域土壤氮磷浸出物对铁岗水库水质影响研究

通过采集高尔夫球场即将淹没的果岭土壤进行实验室条件下的模拟库基样品试验,对水库扩容后蓄水初期水质的变化情况进行了研究.结果表明:库水所含主要成分pH、高锰酸钾盐指数、总氮、总磷、氨氮和硝酸盐氮分别为7.4(mg/L)、30.8(mg/L)、1.16(mg/L)、1.189(mg/L)、0.21(mg/L)和0.11(mg/L);果岭20 cm土层库基土样pH、有机质、硝酸盐氮、氨态氮和有效磷分别为6.41(mg/kg)、10.29(mg/kg)、25.48(mg/kg)、25.76(mg/kg)和140.77(mg/kg).现有库基成分会改变库水高锰酸钾盐指标的升高.库水本身的总磷和总氮含量就严重超标.果岭库基本身的磷氮含量也很高.浸泡后果岭库基土样对降低浸出物总磷的严重超标起到了对冲的作用,致使总磷含量大为降低.     

高尔夫球场农药化肥对水环境的影响和对策

通过对某高尔夫球场运营过程中化肥和农药施用的分析，用简化模型计算了一般情况下和最不利情况下化肥、农药对地面水环境的影响，提出控制农药化肥污染的对策措施。     

高尔夫球场土壤和水中毒死蜱农药残留的测定

介绍了土壤和水样中毒死蜱农药残留的测定方法 ,并应用该方法调查了某地高尔夫球场使用毒死蜱农药后对周围土壤和地表水的污染影响。测定结果表明 ,在调查区范围内 ,地表水中毒死蜱农药的浓度小于 0 .4μg/L。参照国外有关标准 ,它低于美国健康与福利部 (MHW)制定的高尔夫球场饮用水中允许的残留值 (毒死蜱 :4μg/L )。     

Suitability of Golf Course Ponds for Amphibian Metamorphosis When Bullfrogs Are Removed

Abstract:  Managing areas designed for human recreation so that they are compatible with natural amphibian populations can reduce the negative impacts of habitat destruction. We examined the potential for amphibians to complete larval development in golf course ponds in the presence or absence of overwintered bullfrog tadpoles ( Rana catesbeiana ), which are frequently found in permanent, human-made ponds. We reared larval American toads ( Bufo americanus ), southern leopard frogs ( R. sphenocephala ), and spotted salamanders ( Ambystoma maculatum ) with 0 or 5 overwintered bullfrog tadpoles in field enclosures located in ponds on golf courses or in experimental wetlands at a reference site. Survival to metamorphosis of American toads, southern leopard frogs, and spotted salamanders was greater in ponds on golf courses than at reference sites. We attributed this increased survival to low abundance of insect predators in golf course ponds. The presence of overwintered bullfrogs, however, reduced the survival of American toads, southern leopard frogs, and spotted salamanders reared in golf course ponds, indicating that the suitability of the aquatic habitats for these species partly depended on the biotic community present. Our results suggest that ponds in human recreational areas should be managed by maintaining intermediate hydroperiods, which will reduce the presence of bullfrog tadpoles and predators, such as fish, and which may allow native amphibian assemblages to flourish.     

高尔夫球场果岭土壤硝酸盐氮淋洗的模拟试验研究

通过对高尔夫球场施用化肥后的降雨过程进行模拟淋滤试验,测试了不同施肥量、降雨强度及植被密度条件下硝酸盐的淋失浓度,并借助SAS9．0软件对测试数据进行了统计分析。结果表明,在降雨总量相同的条件下,淋滤出的硝酸盐氮受植被密度和施肥量的影响较大,而降雨强度则元显著影响;在暴雨-稀草-高肥时的硝酸盐氮淋出量最多,而中雨-密草-低肥淋出量最少。土壤中硝酸盐氮含量与淋滤液中硝酸盐氮的淋失量规律吻合,即硝酸盐氮淋失量大时,土壤中的硝酸盐氮含量低;而硝酸盐氮淋失量小时,土壤中的硝酸盐氮含量高。     

Groundwater Nutrient Concentrations and Mass Loading Rates at Iowa Golf Courses

Golf courses are often considered by the public to be significant nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nonpoint sources but only limited information exists on nutrient concentrations and loads in golf course groundwater. In this study, we measured N and P concentrations in groundwater and available surface water at six randomly selected Iowa golf courses to assess the loading risk posed by these facilities to groundwater and local rivers. At each course, three shallow monitoring wells were installed, one each on representative tee, fairway, and rough locations. Wells and available surface water were sampled on eight occasions during 2015 and 2016. NO₃‐N concentrations were not detected above 1 mg/L at three of the six courses monitored in this study and the overall mean NO₃‐N concentration in Iowa golf courses was 2.2 mg/L. The mass of NO₃‐N recharged to groundwater averaged 3.3 kg/ha at the six courses, which represents approximately one‐tenth of the NO₃‐N load exported by the watershed that contains the course and represented approximately 0.1 to 8% of the fertilizer N applied. Groundwater orthophosphorus concentrations averaged 0.13 mg/L and were similar to those measured in a variety of settings across Iowa. Study results should prove useful in evaluating nutrient contributions from golf courses in Midwestern states where nutrient reduction strategies are being pursued.     

利用固相抽出/HPLC法对高尔夫球场水体中残留农药的分析

研讨利用固相抽出 /HPLC法 ,对高尔夫球场使用农药进行监测的分析方法。此方法对测定水体中残留农药具有简便、准确、实用等特点 ,适合在我国开展进行